These detailed notes cover Chapter 8 of the 11th standard GSEB Economics curriculum. The notes provide a comprehensive overview of the key concepts, theories, and topics discussed in the chapter. This resource aims to assist students in understanding the subject matter more clearly and preparing for exams effectively. The notes include explanations, diagrams, examples, and important points that are crucial for scoring well in the Economics examination. By referring to these detailed notes, students can enhance their knowledge, grasp complex ideas, and improve their overall performance in the subject.